29 February, 2012


In 1898 American advertising and sales pioneer E. St Elmo Lewis invented the marketing model AIDA. This model assumes we need to talk to many to convince a few to change behaviour. A television advertising campaign, for example, reaches a lot of people with the intention of getting a few to buy.

It accepts there will be wastage – and a lot of it – along the way. It is quite unbelievable that despite all our advances in the past 113 years many advertising and marketing decisions today remain based on the AIDA model – whether consciously or unconsciously. It is time to change that and turn the AIDA model on its head.

Continuing to base marketing decisions on this model is crazy when you consider how the relationships between consumers and brands have changed. In our brave new digital world, consumers own brands. Consumers say what a brand stands for. Consumers generate awareness.

Look at how some not-for-profit organisations have done it. Look at Movember. It started small and targeted and not everyone understood it. Today there are tens of thousands of men who take part and there are few who don’t know about it. Red Nose Day is another example.

Remember in 1898 we were getting our information primarily from newspapers. Television was a long way off and radio was just emerging. The Wright Brothers were still five years away from their first flight and Henry Ford still had  two years before built his first car.

How cars, planes and marketing strategy have developed since then have taken very different paths.

While the AIDA model has served marketers for many years it has never taken into account consumer generated word of mouth. And in 2011 the potential for word of mouth is now huge thanks to mobile phones, the internet and social media.

We need to change. According to a global study by The Fournaise Marketing Group, customer response and engagement rates with advertising have dropped 19% worldwide. The study tracked response and engagement rates across traditional as well as online campaigns in 20 countries, including Australia, in the first half of 2011 comparing it to the same period last year.

Australia, along with the US and Europe, saw the sharpest decline at 23%. Online advertising was, on average, 25% less effective than traditional media, with display ads hit by a 26% decline.

Fournaise deduced that while the global economic conditions had some effect, the drop was more to do with less effective campaigns and too much focus on “creativity” rather than customer benefits.

In today’s world, where consumers are bombarded with advertising messages, a brand’s actions speak louder than words – and a consumer advocate is far more powerful than a brand one.  More attention needs to be given to developing a strategy that enables a brand to demonstrate its promises through actions that have benefit or cache for consumers and get them talking positively about the brand. 

“Good decisions are based on knowledge, not on numbers.”   (Plato)

Many marketers have a false sense of security in basing their marketing decisions on long standing media metrics such as ‘reach’, ‘frequency’ and ‘penetration’ with the belief that these will create awareness, and from awareness their ultimate marketing objectives of sales and profit will then follow (the classic AIDA model approach). 

However, in today’s marketing savvy world, awareness is rarely enough to change a consumer’s brand perceptions and behaviour.  Content is king, not channel – and actions that demonstrate and deliver a brand’s promise speak louder than words.  Furthermore, awareness does not have to come first.  In fact it makes more financial sense to create targeted behaviour change first and then let your consumer advocates create awareness for you at no extra charge.

In today’s world marketers need to consider strategic ideas before planning how they want to spend their budget. There is no magic numerical formula to predict the right strategy – strategy is based on marketing/business acumen, logic and creativity, and it should be distinct to each client challenge and each brand. Marketers need to work with media and marketing neutral strategists and, crucially, trust logic over numbers.  A scary proposition, but it’s also a smart one if clients want their marketing dollar to stretch further.

So what is the outtake of this? The AIDA model needs to be replaced with the ADIA model – Action, Desire, Interest and Awareness. This is an inverse funnel that starts with Action and filters out to awareness through positive word of mouth.

The ADIA model is based on a highly targeted strategy that invites a small group of people to interact with the brand. Their positive experience of the brand creates world of mouth that creates Desire among a wider circle. Word of mouth travels through this wider circle to create Interest among an ever wider circle and through them world of mouth spreads to the mass to create Awareness.

Examples of Action include point of purchase activity such as value-added sales promotions and sampling, experiential (perhaps via sponsorship of owned events), digital gaming, interactive branded content such as promotional merchandise, magazines, websites (created and owned by the brand). Activate the brand.

The world has changed considerably since the pioneering days of Henry Ford and the Wright Brothers. Yet, a lot of marketers have not adapted as quickly to a changing world.

Marketers need to think strategy first, media and marketing channels second. This means consulting with strategists that are genuinely media and marketing channel neutral – those who are more interested in doing what’s right for the brand than they are about getting their name in lights at Cannes for creating a multi-million-dollar TV ad.

It’s time to move into the 21st century. TV is not dead. Advertising is not dead. But traditional media metrics are increasingly irrelevant. The AIDA model should be tipped on its head and be replaced by ADIA model.  It’s time to rewrite the marketing text books.


출처: http://www.bandt.com.au/opinion/todays-marketing-decisions-are-being-made-on-yest

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How to Simplify the AIDAS Model and Make it Practical for Your Online Business

My intent with this diagram was to illustrate the relationship between the consumer’s buying phases or intent and you the online marketer.  As you know everything starts in the mind of the consumer.

So what this diagram can assist you with aligning your objectives and online marketing tactics with the phases that your consumer moves through as they contemplate making a purchase from your site.

Also, just in case you aren’t so familiar with the AIDAS model below is a summary of the AIDAS model that I’ve repurposed from an older post.

The AIDAS Model

Attention

In an Internet marketing campaign this phase of the campaign typically begins with the usage of a headline that grabs your audience’s attention by speaking to your audiences intent while stating your brands unique selling proposition (USP). By the way, a strong USP is one that makes the consumer or the target audience the hero. The example that one of my instructors used to illustrate a potent USP is Geico’s “15 Minutes Can Save You…”.  I also like Nike’s “Just Do It”.

Interest

After you’ve caught the attention of your audience you will need to intensify that attention by holding it so that it develops into interest. Interest is the urge that causes them to make that initial click on your banner after they’ve had a few seconds to study it.

In the interest stage you are reinforcing the USP and laying the USP out in the form of an offer. Your offer might be mentioned on your landing page or on an offer page of your website.

Desire

This is where you use your marketing collateral or sensory elements (think image library) to encapsulate the desires of your audience. It’s like you are simply reflecting the audiences feelings or logic back to them (depending upon the persona that you are appealing to) so that the audience’s subconscious activates their conscious and prompts them to become aware that they are really, really want whatever it is that you are offering.

Action

This is where your persona development really kicks into high gear because in order to optimize your conversions you will want to filter the action that you want your audience to take through the lens of whichever persona that you are speaking to. Alternatively, as far too many marketers do-you could take the opposite route and design your offers to say what you think is important.

However, when we try to present the information that we think is important we encounter buyer resistance otherwise known as friction.

You will also want to reinforce the action phase of your online marketing plan with a statement of trust to reassure your visitors that they are taking the right step because after all if you respect their privacy or you let them know what to expect from you, then you must be a solid brand to do business with, right?

Satisfaction

The satisfaction piece is probably the most crucial piece of this whole puzzle because if we don’t get this part right then we will forever be like that little mouse in the cage chasing its tail for new customers. Satisfaction is the part that reminds us marketers that we are part of a team that includes sales, marketing, operations/admin, and customer service.

You see…Satisfaction (in the customer’s mind) is what you want to take place immediately after the sale to counteract the buyer’s remorse that usually sets in after your consumers make a purchase.  You can build satisfaction with a thank you for your purchase page that provides a customer service number, return policy, or any other related support information that let’s the customer know that you “have their back”.

출처: http://www.beninbrown.com/2010/08/01/online-marketing-breaking-down-the-aidas-model/


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The AIDA Model & Elias St. Elmo Lewis

While writing Social Marketology, my new book on social media marketing, I get fixated on a particular fact and spend countless hours researching.  One fact that has consumed more of my time than any other is the idea that a guy named Elias St. Elmo Lewis invented an oft-cited marketing concept of AIDA (acronym for “attention, interest, desire, action”). AIDA is often part and parcel of something called the customer funnel, sales funnel, and marketing funnel. Derrick White, in his 2000 book “Close More Sales,” wrote “AIDA is probably the oldest acronym in marketing. It is the best and will never change.”

Who Really Created AIDA?

Yes, and this is an interesting point: the fact that St. Elmo Lewis created the concept is cited in dozens of marketing books and hundreds upon hundreds of websites. Problem: I can’t find any original source to validate this.

In Advertising, Selling, and Credits by Ralph Starr Butler, 1911, The four steps are the subject of a whole chapter, and says “Mr. A. F. Sheldon was probably the first to point out the presence of these four steps in every sale” Mr. A.F. Sheldon was the founder of the Sheldon School of Scientific Salesmanship.

It turns out I haven’t been the first person to spend too much time on this concept. Author Ian Moore, in Does Your Marketing Sell (2005), added an item in the appendix titled, “The origins of AIDA.” He demonstrates how Strong wasn’t using the acronym, but cited Lewis. And then Strong was then cited by none other than the famous business author Philip Kotler as the author of the AIDA concept.

But Strong had written “The development of the famous slogan – ‘attention, interest, desire, action, and satisfaction’ – illustrates this. In 1898 E. St. Elmo Lewis used the slogan, ‘Attract attention, maintain interest, create deire,’ in a course he was giving on advertising in Philadelphia. He writes he obtained the idea from reading the psychology of William James. Later on he added the formula, ‘get action.’ About 1907, A.F. Sheldon made the further addition of ‘permanent satisfaction’ as essential to the slogan.”

Now, first off, many of the citations of Lewis state that he came up with AIDA in 1898 while working at the National Cash Register Company – an organization that really was probably one of the most advanced companies in sales process. Only Lewis didn’t work there until 1902, and only seemed to have remained there until 1904. Prior to that, he was a publisher of various artsy periodicals back in Philadelphia.

Lewis was a brilliant thinker, and wrote a few books, countless articles, and gave talks at Rotary Clubs, Chambers, and other organizations all over the Northeast. Thanks to Google Books, I’ve been able to dig into many of them, and I’ve yet to come across a mention of the old “attention, interest, desire” triad. He was an appreciator of the Efficiency Movement, and did work to bring the philosophy of scientific management to salesmanship and advertising. I haven’t found anything, though, to suggest that Lewis was the originator of the concept.

So, who did?

The earliest version of marketing AIDA I’ve found is this:

 

Attention. Interest. Desire. Conviction. A diagram showing that every sale is offset by attention, interest, desire, and conviction. From Frank Hutchinson Dukesmith, editor of 1904 Salesmanship

Over and over in this magazine from 1904, they mention these steps. “A sale of any kind has four essential parts: Attention, Interest, Desire, and Conviction. Take these in their proper order. Do not mistake polite attention for interest and do not assume when a desire for possession is aroused that conviction has been reached. In loss of sales it is as disastrous as to not close the sale when conviction is reached.”

 

Frank Hutchinson Dukesmith  authored the pieces above. His other claim to fame was that he also edited “The Air Brake Magazine,” dedicated to railroad air brakes. He also authored a book, “The air brake, its use and abuse: a book of instruction on the automatic air brake.” And as you might know, air brakes were how George Westinghouse made his fortune! Dukesmith held many patents for his inventions to the technology of air brakes.

Perhaps Dukesmith took a course being taught by St. Elmo Lewis. Or perhaps St. Elmo Lewis read Dukesmith’s article (he also wrote a book Salesmanship analyzed;: Being an analytical treatise on the science of salesmanship demonstrated by diagramatic charts). At any rate, his patents for air brakes must not have been lucrative, as by 1910, Dukesmith had created the “Dukesmith School of Salesmanship” in Meadville, PA.

Another passage:

It is not to be supposed that every sale will be landed in one, two, three order, for many will be lost, but an understanding of the science of salesmanship, with correct practice in the art of selling, will tend to cut down the number of lost sales. The science of medicine does not eliminate disease. But it diminishes its ravages.

In the specialty field where, as shown, the divisions are more clearly marked, the salesman himself has more opportunity to arrange and prepare himself in advance. Nevertheless, the same principles apply to every sale, and even a newsboy on the street must obtain attention, arouse interest, and create desire before he makes the sale of a paper.

To still further illustrate this same principle of four parts to the sale we may regard the putting together of the four iron vessels (here pictured), as representing the sale or transaction. We assume that it would be impossible for the salesman to carry away the four pots separately and that to make them movable he must place them compactly together.  There is but one way in which the pots can be properly put together, and that is by placing inside the largest the next smaller, and so on, whereby all are compactly arranged and can be easily carried away. The pots must be put one within the other in proper order, by taking at each operation the one next smaller; otherwise, one of the two intermediate sizes is left out, for they cannot be all put together except in regular order. You cannot complete your sale by leaving out the factor of interest5, nor can you produce conviction and close the sale until the customer has arrived at the stage of desire to possess the goods.

Frank Hutchinson Dukesmith and Marketing AIDA

Frank Hutchinson Dukesmith has pretty much been forgotten by history, and yet, it appears he was the author of one of the most enduring concepts, still taught today in business schools around the world. He was certainly the first to publish the concept, while St. Elmo Lewis’ claim is second-hand, and came 20 years after Dukesmith published. You might wonder why anyone should care – yet if simple errors like this can become re-cited thousands of times over, it emphasizes the notion that writers have an obligation to recheck facts, and find original source material whenever possible.

By the way, the first published use of the AIDA acronym is from 1921, in Printers Ink, “How to Write a Sales-Making Letter” by C.P. Russell:

An easy way to remember this formula is to call in the “law of association,” which is the old reliable among memory aids.  It is to be noted that, reading downward, the first letters of these words spell the opera “Aida.” When you start a letter, then, say “Aida” to yourself and you won’t go far wrong, at least as far as the form of your letter is concerned.

The idea of a “customer funnel,” “marketing funnel,” or “sales funnel” in association with the AIDA concept was first proposed in Pharmaceutical Selling, “detailing,” and sales training by Arthur F. Peterson, Heathcote-Woodbridge, 1959.

I think I can lay this to bed now, and get back to the book!

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고객 구매 결정 단계에 대한 이해
마케팅이라고 하는 것은 결국 고객의 행동을 이해하는 데서부터 출발하는 것이기 때문에, 먼저 고객이 어떤 단계를 거쳐 구매라는 행동을 하는지 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 이에 대해서 가장 일반적으로 언급된느 것이 ‘AIDA' 이다.
AIDA 법칙은 1898년 E.S 루이스에 의해 제창된 이론으로 ‘인간이 행동을 일으키기까지 주의(Attention)->흥미(Interest)->욕망(Desire)->행동(Action)의 4단계를 거친다’는 내용을 담고 있다. AIDA 법칙은 고객의 행동을 이해하는 데 있어 가자 기본적인 틀을 제공하고 있지만, 현대 사회에서의 마케티엥 이 4단계를 적용하는 데에는 한계를 보이고 있다. 그것만으로 설명을 못한다는 의미는 아니나, 고객 행도엥 있어서 마케팅적인 관점에서 ‘중요한 요소’를 반영하는 데 한계를 드러내고 있다는 의미이다.
때문에 저마다 AIDA법칙에 살을 붙여서 설명을 덧붙이고 있는 실정인데, 검색닷컴에서는 4단계를 7단계로 확장하여 설명하고 있다.
(인지-> 흥미 -> 욕망 -> 선택->구매->재구매->전파)
4단계와 비교해보자면 욕망과 구매 사이에 ‘선택’이라는 단계가 포함되었으며, 구매 이후에 ‘재구매’와 ‘전파’의 단계가 추가되었다.
‘선택’ 단계가 포함된 것은 고객이 구매를 결정하기 전에 어느 업체를 통해서 구매하는 것이 합리적인가를 고려한다는 점을 반영시킨 것이다. 공급자의 증가로 인해 공급자 우위가 깨지고, 소비자의 정보 접근 권한이 강화되어 다양한 공급자 중에서 가장 적합한 곳을 ‘선택’하는 과정을 거치게 된 것이다.
‘재구매’단계가 추가된 것은 마케팅 비용의 증가로 인해 신규 고객을 창출하는 데 집중하기보다는 한번 구매한 고객을 관리함으로써 재구매를 발생시키는 마케팅 활동이 중요해졌기 때문에 이를 반영시킨 것이다.
또, ‘전파’ 단계가 추가된 것은 마케팅 비용의 증가와 함께 소비자의 통신 수단이 강화(특히 모바일 환경)됨에 따라 서비스에 만족한 고객이 다른 고객에게 전파하는 과정이 매우 중요해지고 있음을 반영시킨 것이다.
 
인터넷 마케팅에는 어떤 것들이 있을까?
고객의 행동에 대한 이해를 돕기 위해 고객의 구매 결정 단계를 살펴보았다면 고객의 행동에 맞춰 적절한 인터넷마케팅을 구사하면 세세한 부분은 둘째치고라도 일단 방향 자체는 올바르게 잡은 것이라고 볼 수 있다.
그렇다면 인터넷 마케팅에는 어떤 것들이 있을까?

1. 키워드 광고
검색사용자가 검색엔진에서 검색어를 넣고 검색하면, 검색결과에 해당 검색어를 미리 구매해두었던 광고주들의 광고가 상단에 노출되는데 이를 키워드광고라고 부른다. 키워드 광고에도 다양한 세부 상품들이 있다.
네이버를 기준으로 보면 스폰서링크, 파워링크, 플러스링크, 비즈사이트, 지도검색 등이 있다. 다른 검색 엔진도 이와 유사한 형태의 이름만 다른 광고들이 노출되고 있다.
현재 네이버나 오버추어 키워드의 경우 키워드 광고 하나에 가격이 200원 미만인 검색주소는 검색닷컴에서는 10원으로 선점하고 있고, 6000원~50,000원 가격으로 하고 있는 키워드는 검색닷컴에서는 300원부터 선점하고 있다. 경쟁사마다 다양한 가격으로 광고가 되고 있기에 비교하여 광고의 효과를 증진시킬 수 있겠다.
키워드 광고는 인터넷마케팅에서 가장 중요한 비중을 차지하고 있다. 그 이유는 고객이 어떤 정보를 찾기 위해 자발적으로 검색하고 있기 때문에, 이들은 위의 고객 행동에서 분류한 고객 중 ‘가망고객’과 ‘타겟고객’에 속할 가능성이 높기 때문이다. 그 만큼 구매에 가까이 있다는 뜻으로서 매출 증대에 큰 효과가 있다.
 
2. 배너광고
배너광고는 우리가 가장 흔하게 접할 수 있는 형태의 광고이다. 어떤 웹사이트에 방문했을 때 4각형 형태의 광고가 노출되고 있는 것을 확인할 수 있는데 이를 통칭하여 ‘배너광고’라고 부른다. 여기에서 ‘통칭하여’라는 표현을 사용한 것은 배너광고에도 그 만큼 종류가 다양하다는 뜻을 내포하고 있다.
키워드광고가 ‘광고 노출의 질’에 초점이 맞춰져 있다면 배너 광고는 ‘광고 노출의 양’에 맞춰져 있다. 무슨 말이냐며 키워드광고는 고객이 특정 검색어로 검색했을 땜낭 광고가 노출되기 때문에 노출되는 양이 많을 수 없을 것이다. 하지만 양은 적더라도 그 가치는 높다는 뜻이다. 반면, 배너광고는 고객이 특정 페이지에 접속만 하면 무조건 노출되기 때문에 노출되는 양이 많을 수밖에 없다. 다만 그 가치는 키워드 광고에 비해 많이 떨어지겠다.
따라서 단기적인 매출을 높이고자 한다면 키워드광고에 집중하는 것이 옳겠지만 단기적인 매출 증대에는 한계가 보여 잠재고객을 발굴하고자 할 때에는 배너광고를 활용하는 것이 정석이라고 볼 수 있겠다.
 
고객의 수요는 한정되어 있을 뿐만 아니라 점점 세분화되어가고 있는 한편 공급자는 계속 늘어나는 상황에서 모든 공급자들이 원하는 이들 고객에 대한 마케팅 비용은 크게 상승되어 있다. 경쟁이 치열한 키워드의 경우 고객이 한 번 클릭하는데 지출되는 비용이 수천 원 이상이라는 사실이 이를 잘 대변하고 있다. 이들 고객에 대한 광고 비용의 증가와 고객의 수가 핝되어 있다는 문제로 마케터로 하여금 다른 방안을 강구하도록 종용하고 있다. 천하종합(주)를 운영하고 있는 한기언 대표이사는 코고리를 홍보하면서 이러한 난관들을 풀어내기 위해서 온라인 키워드 광고 ‘검색닷컴’을 창업했다. 유사업종 간 과다 경쟁으로 인한 가격 거품을 제거하여 기존의 유명 포털 사이트보다 20배 저렴하게 키워드를 선척순으로 선점할 수 있도록 하였다.


출처: https://directkeyword.co.kr/customer/marketingView.html?p=1&keyfield=&keyword=&no=20

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2012/09/28


AIDA 모델이라고 들어보신 적이 있으신가요? AIDA 모델은 마케팅에서 이야기 하는 소비자 행동에 관해 절대적으로 지지를 받아왔던 이론 중 하나로서 소비자가 실제 구매를 하기 위한 단계를 주의(Attention), 흥미(Interesting), 욕구(Desire), 구매(Action) 4가지로 본다는 내용입니다. AIDA 모델은 현재도 많은 회사의 마케팅 전략의 기반이 되고 있는데요. 마치 깔때기(Funnel) 모양같다고도 해서 깔때기 이론이라고도 합니다.

하지만, 이 절대적인 이론이 처음 만들어 진 것은 1961년도였고 당시는 컬러 TV가 보급되기 시작, 채널도 2~3개에 불과했고 인터넷은 존재하지도 않았던 때입니다. 권력자들은 언론을 통제하여 사람들의 생각을 지배할 수 있다 믿었으며 사람들은 광고 속의 제품에 즉각 반응했었습니다.

요즘은 어떤가요? 사고 싶은 물건이 있으면 매장 보다는 인터넷 검색을 통해 제품을 비교하고, 제품 설명서보다 더 자세하고 구체적인 블로그 리뷰를 우선 검토하고, 광고 보다는 SNS 를 타고 공유되는 대박상품들에 더 솔깃합니다. 소비자들은 정보의 주체로 우뚝 섰고 소비자들간의 의견은 힘을 갖게 되었습니다. 2012년의 AIDA 는 과연 그 의미를 찾을 수 있을까요? 물론 방법은 있습니다. 바로 소비자의 마음을 읽는 것인데요. 기업이 보유하고 있는 고객 거래 데이터, 조사 기관에 의해 수집된 설문 결과나 인터뷰로는 파악하기 어려운 소비자들의 “진짜 목소리” 를 들을 수만 있다면 고객이 원하는 정보를 고객이 원하는 때에 고객이 원하는 채널을 통해 전달할 수 있을 것입니다.

 


이를 위해 IBM은 기업에 자세한 정보, 동향 파악 및 감지하기 어려운 통찰력을 제공하여 문제점 해결을 돕고, 상황에 기반한 의사 결정을 지원하는 TAKMI(Text Analysis & Knowledge Mining)를 개발했습니다. 기존의 분석 솔루션과 TAKMI 가 가장 다른 점은 정형화되지 않은 비 정형 데이터 (우리가 주위에서 쉽게 볼 수 있는 소셜 미디어 상의 트윗이나 페이스북의 담벼락 게시물과 같은 텍스트를 의미)를 매우 빠른 속도로 분석하고 그 안에서 규칙/패턴을 발견, 실제 “실행 가능한 정보” 를 찾아낼 수 있도록 돕는다는 것인데요. 오늘은 바로, 이 TAKMI 솔루션 개발에 참여한 IBM Research 동경기초연구소의 카나야마 히로시(金山 博) 박사님을 통해 텍스트 마이닝의 흥미 진진한 세계를 들여다 보려고 합니다.

 


Q. 우선 간단한 본인 소개를 부탁드려도 될까요?
A. 대학에서는 컴퓨터 공학의 한 파트인 “자연어 처리 (Natural Language Process)”를 전공했습니다. IBM에 입사한 2000년 초반에는 룰/지식 기반의 일본어 구문 분석 (Syntactic Analysis) 엔진 및 일본어-영어 번역 엔진 개발에 많은 시간을 투자했습니다. 2004년 부터는 단순한 형태론적인 구문 분석을 넘어 해당 문장이 의미하는 속뜻을 파악할 수 있게 하는 성향분석(Sentiment Analysis) 및 요구분석(Demand Analysis)를 다루었구요. 이런 기술들은 작년에 세상에 선보인 수퍼 컴퓨터 Watson 의 Deep QA 솔루션에도 활용이 되었습니다. 현재도 IBM Japan Research 에서 팀들과 함께 텍스트 마이닝(Text Mining)과 관련된 업무에 참여 중입니다.

Q. 듣기로는 모국어인 일본어 외에도 영어, 한국어, 불어, 독어 등 언어에 대해 많은 관심을 갖고 있다고 들었습니다. 공학이 전공인데 ‘언어’에 특별한 관심을 갖게 된 계기가 있었나요?
A. 말했다 시피 나는 컴퓨터 공학을 전공했습니다. 평소 인간의 삶에 보다 밀접한 응용과학의 접목이라는 측면에서 관심이 많았던 나에게 “언어” 와 “공학”의 만남은 매우 흥미로운 소재였습니다. 특히 언어에서도 단순한 대화보다 문법에 많은 관심이 있었고 인간의 언어를 컴퓨터 공학으로 풀어낼 수 있을 거라는 기대가 있었습니다. 또한 그 결과는 매우 실용적으로 많은 부분에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이라고 생각했습니다.

Q. 텍스트 마이닝이 일반인들에게는 좀 생소할 수 있는데요. 쉽게 설명을 하자면?
A. 엄청난 양의 텍스트의 묶음에서 실제 적용 가능한 지식을 추출하는 일입니다. 특히 내가 하는 일은 어떤 특정한 주제에 대한 성향이나 의견을 찾아내는 일이지요. 마치 장대한 산속에서 금을 찾는 것과 같은 일입니다. IBM의 텍스트 마이닝이 가장 특별한 특징을 갖는 것이 바로 이 부분이기도 합니다. 다른 회사들의 솔루션 경우 결과에 대해서 이러하다/저러하다라는 사실만을 그래픽으로 드러내는 것에 치중하지만 IBM은 실행 가능한 정보(Actionable Knowledge)를 제공합니다. 이를 기반으로 보다 고객 중심의 의사결정이 가능하게 하거나 마케팅의 효과를 높여줄 수 있을 것입니다.

Q. 텍스트 마이닝과 성향 분석(Sentiment Analysis)은 어떤 차이가 있는지요?
A. 성향분석은 텍스트 마이닝의 매우 중요한 한 분야이자 텍스트 마이닝의 실용적인 활용방법입니다. 성향분석을 적용하게 되면 우리는 사람들이 무엇을 좋아하는 지 싫어하는 지, 그리고 무엇을 원하는 지…. 사람들의 진짜 생각, 의견을 찾아낼 수 있습니다. 성향 분석의 핵심은 분류(Organize)로 사람들이 일상적으로 적는 메모나 글, 대화 들을 문장의 구조(Context)를 감안하여 유의미한 내용으로 구분하는 것입니다.. 이는 검색 엔진의 인덱싱(Index)보다는 더 진보된 개념으로 가령 Good이라는 단어가 좋다는 것을 의미하는 성향을 드러내기는 하지만 Goods 는 상품이라는 뜻의 단어로 즉, 단어의 의미를 문장의 구조 내에서 파악하고 그것이 어떤 성향을 가진 단어로 쓰이는 지에 대한 논리적 구조를 부여하는 작업을 합니다.

Q. 2011년 인간과 퀴즈 대결을 한 왓슨(Watson) 의 Deep QA 프로젝트에도 참여한 것으로 알고 있습니다. 어떤 일들을 주로 하셨는지요?
A. 왓슨 프로젝트는 퀴즈 대결이 열린 미국은 물론 일본, 중국, 이스라엘 4개국의 연구팀들이 참여한 프로젝트입니다. 2008년부터 시작 각 연구소의 담당자들은 각자의 전문 분야의 기술을 적용하여 왓슨이 좀 더 정확한 답을 찾아낼 수 있는 노력을 기울여 왔습니다. 특히 전체적인 문맥상 의미를 파악해 내는 “의미해석 (Semantic analysis)”은 왓슨이 좀 더 인간에 가까운 인지, 사고를 할 수 있도록 돕는 핵심기술입니다. 가령 백과사전의 방대한 텍스트에서 유의미한 의미를 가진 단어를 찾아내는 일입니다. (e.g. Busan is a city) 이는 기존의 분석작업에 보다 유의미한 가치를 더 하는 작업으로 분석결과를 기반으로 얻어진 인사이트를 실제에 어떻게 반영하느냐는 부분입니다.

소통의 시대. 대화는 넘쳐나지만 듣고 싶은 말만 듣고 있는 우리는 진짜 상대방이 원하는 것이 무엇인지는 모르는 것 같습니다. 정보과학의 발전이 기계 문명의 번성이 아닌 인간 세상의 관계를 더 가깝게, 더 따뜻하게 만들 수 있다면 세상은 더 똑똑해 지지 않을까요.


출처: http://smarter.chosunpedia.com/?no=528343&now_tab=2

Posted by insightalive
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You must have heard of AIDA — it is a basic principle that everyone should be using to communicate with their audience. It is a very powerful way to lead your prospect through the sales process to a buying decision.


However, even greater success comes from being an exceptional communicator. Most business owners can apply AIDA fairly effectively when they know how but what is it that makes the difference between mediocre or merely functional to being a runaway success?


It’s all about being a skilful communicator and we can learn a great deal from the great leaders of the past and present — you don’t become a great leader without being an amazingly effective communicator. I am about to share some of the communication secrets of the great leaders and will take you beyond AIDA in your quest to double your profits but first let’s take a look at the basics.


What is the AIDA Principle?


The AIDA Principle


To make your marketing more effective, you should remember AIDA and apply it to everything you do. Use it as a checklist when you are creating your marketing campaigns and you will see an improvement in your leads and your sales conversions.


So what does AIDA stand for?

•    Attention
•    Interest
•    Desire
•    Action


Attention


The first thing you have to do is get your prospect’s attention, whether they are visiting your website, looking at your poster or leaflet or thumbing through your brochure, you have to literally grab their attention and compel them to read more.


The best way to do this is with powerful headlines and subheadings. They should give an indication of what the section is about rather than some vague obscure words that don’t mean very much. Use your best keywords in your headlines as long as they make sense. Headlines should pull your reader in to want to read the section of copy that follows.


You can also grab people’s attention with a picture or illustration. Often this is the first thing or even the only thing they will look at as they skim over your material or website. Make sure pictures are relevant and they tell a story. Ideally, pictures should show your products and services in action and create excitement about what you have on offer. For example, your garden centre could show pictures of beautiful flowers or the plump vegetables you will get from a packet of seeds, your wrinkle cream should show the before and after pictures and the benefits of using your product. Make your pictures and illustrations work hard for you.

On your website, you can use all manner of interactive media to grab your visitor’s attention – video and audio, for example, are excellent ways to pull your visitors into your site.


Interest


Once you get someone’s attention, you have to keep them interested so you can tell them about the benefits of your products or services. Make it easy for them to understand what it is you are offering by using bullet points and lists of the benefits they will get. Show the benefits in action with pictures, illustrations and videos.


Use interesting snippets of information and find ways to intrigue your readers so that they continue to read on or stay on your site. If you are communicating your marketing message with printed media or via TV or radio, for example, try to entice them onto your website where they can complete a purchase or find out more. At the very least, you want to collect their contact details so you can make future offers and start building that all important customer relationship.


Desire


Having an interest in your products and services is not enough. You have to create a strong desire – even a craving for what you have to offer. Show other people enjoying the benefits of your products and services and use positive testimonials to persuade your visitors or readers that others love what you have for them and they will too.


Reiterate the benefits and really play on the emotional reaction of your audience. For example, that wrinkle cream you’re offering – try to show your prospect how having fewer wrinkles will enhance their life, their desirability and their confidence. Tell a story about how your wrinkle cream will boost their self-esteem and improve their life. It’s not really about the product – it’s all about the desire for a better life, more happiness, more charisma, eternal youth and more of the good things in life. Can a humble jar of wrinkle cream do this? You bet it can if it’s marketed in the right way. Think of the billions of dollars spent on creams and cosmetics every year – all these people are buying into a lot more than just a jar of cream…

This line of thinking goes for any product or service you are offering – just pull out all the benefits and make it emotionally appealing and valuable for your prospects and you are on the right track…


Action


Now you have them craving for your products or services, you have to get them to act on this desire. You need a strong call to action.


Desire or craving is not enough – you have to get them to take action and actually get their cash or plastic out of their wallet and buy what you have on offer. You need to make this very simple and easy and you have to tell them exactly what it is you want them to do next. Do you want them to click onto the ‘buy now’ button? Then tell them ‘Buy my product – click on the buy now button’. Don’t be shy. You’ve done all the work of getting them this far – don’t let them get away now. Forget namby-pamby, wishy-washy pussyfooting around – just ask them to buy your product!


Beyond AIDA


Okay, now you have the basics of AIDA, you can apply this principle to all your communication with your prospects and customers. This alone will significantly increase your sales conversion and I highly recommend you apply these principles immediately to all your marketing materials.


However, if you want to enjoy truly great success and develop longevity in your business, you need to go beyond AIDA. You need to develop some of the exceptional communication skills of the great leaders. I am not talking about the way you’d use words or how vast your vocabulary is or even your careful attention to grammar and syntax. I am not talking about how much you talk to people. I am talking about the sort of communication that cannot be taught in school — I’m talking about the rare communication traits of great leaders.


Great communicators have a rare ability to be aware of things outside of themselves. Even when they talk about their own thoughts and ideas, they do so in a way that speaks of your dreams, aspirations and emotions. Their message reaches the hearts of their audience in a way that ordinary sales copy, marketing or other communication cannot reach.


They have a heightened sense of awareness which makes them effective observers, great listeners and proficient at sensing moods, dynamics, attitudes and the values and worries of their audience. It’s very much like a sixth sense that allows great communicators to detect the needs and expectations of their audience — then deliver exactly what they need right on time.

So, what are the secrets of the great communicators? Apply the following principles in your communication with your prospects — and everyone involved with your business — and I promise you will vastly increase your success.


Speak the truth


People sense when they are being lied to, whether it is in person, over the phone or through the written word such as your marketing material. They may not be able to put a finger on precisely what’s wrong but there is always a sense of something that is not quite right.


This completely destroys trust. People won’t be inclined to engage with you, keep reading or develop any desire for your offer — let alone buy anything — if they don’t feel they can trust you. If there is an element of doubt – most people will decide not to bother, after all there are plenty of other businesses out there to choose from. People are willing to take more risks and invest more time if they trust you. They will also forgive mistakes and misjudgements if they trust you, so it is always worth being honest.


Too many business owners demand trust from their customers, yet attempt to deceive them into buying their products and services by being less than truthful with their sales copy. This rarely works and can backfire badly, especially when bad news travels so much faster in the digital age of the Internet.


So, always be truthful with your audience and build genuine trust as this is the best way to build a successful, long-term business where you cultivate a list of loyal customers. You already know that it’s easier to sell more to your existing customers than it is to constantly chase new business, so this should make good business sense…


Make it personal


Great leaders and great communicators develop meaningful relationships with people by addressing them on a personal level. The old axiom that: ‘people don’t care how much you know until they know how much you care’ is absolutely true. People not only need the truth before they will trust you, they also need to know that you care about them and actually want to help them with your products and services.


With face-to-face selling, it is easier to get across your genuine desire to help people. You can look people in the eye and show your sincerity. With written marketing materials such as your website, leaflets, brochures and adverts, it is not so easy. However if you write your materials on a personal level — as if you’re writing to a friend — you will communicate on a far deeper level than most businesses ever manage to achieve.


Great communicators are able to speak to large groups of people yet still achieve an intimate and personal atmosphere — they manage to speak directly to each person as an individual. This helps significantly in establishing rapport, trust and credibility.


A good way to make your communication more personal via the Internet is to use videos of you talking to your audience and photos of yourself so that people can see who you are. You can also invite your audience to listen to webinars and so on if you are unable to meet them in person.


The main message is to genuinely care about the needs of your customers and address them personally, as if your whole business exists just for them.


Practice empathy


Caring about your customers can be taken a step further by communicating with empathy. Too many business owners let their ego and pride get in the way of genuine communication with their customers — often they are operating from behind a façade. This can be due to an overinflated ego, arrogance or simply following the herd when it comes to selling and not understanding the need for genuine, open communication.


Communicating with empathy means genuinely connecting with your audience and really understanding life from their perspective – you can greatly increase your success by understanding how your customers feel by putting yourself on their side of the fence.


Listen effectively


Great communicators know when to stop talking and start listening. Truly effective marketing is not about assaulting your prospects with an incessant monologue — it is about a meaningful conversation that shows you are listening.


Social media is a good platform for this sort of communication, but don’t limit your listening skills to one form of communication. Use your primary market research and really listen to what your customers want — when you do this you will finally understand what is needed to create a perfect product or service.


Tune in to your audience


Great communicators not only know when to shut up and listen – they are able to tune in to their audience intuitively and read between the lines. People communicate what they want not just by what they say, but by what they don’t say.


Again, by doing a thorough job of your market research, you can tune into your audience more effectively. This is why it is so important to know your market and why I have been laboring the point. Get plenty of details, but also take time to step back and get an overview of what the market is saying to you. Learn to tune in with your intuition and understand what your market is looking for so you can provide the solution.

Be open-minded

Too many people believe they have an open mind, when in fact, it is simply vacant! Plenty of businesses fail because their owners limit their opportunities because they have a rigidly closed mind. Great leaders and great communicators are willing to listen to other people’s opinions and ideas with an open mind and a spirit of cooperation.


Just because you listen to others, it doesn’t mean you’ll be forced to change things — but it is important to have an open dialogue with people who challenge you or confront you. There is always another point of view to consider.


Also, be willing to learn from your competitors with an open mind. Perhaps there is something they are doing successfully that you could adapt to your business? The point is to be willing to be open-minded to what others have to say and to approach opportunities without a limiting and rigid mind-set.


Be prepared to unlearn what you know


This is related to having an open mind but goes a huge step further. If your beliefs and assumptions are challenged, you should be open minded enough to listen but if you believe a new paradigm might be beneficial to you or your business, you should be prepared to unlearn what you know and start with a clean slate.


Be concise


I mentioned being concise when you implement the AIDA Principle, and it applies to all your communication with your customers and prospects. People seem to have less time than ever today to listen to or read long drawn-out sales pitches that take forever to get to the point.

Great communicators get their message across clearly, simply and concisely. Don’t forget that your message can be drowned out with a lot of fluff and flannel and it can be confusing for your readers to have to plough through pages of irritating sales talk. If you want to communicate effectively with your prospects it is vital that you learn to cut to the chase and communicate the highlights succinctly.


Don’t lose your readers before they get to the good bits. People will tune out way before you get there if your message is full of superfluous and unnecessary material. Re-read last month’s profit-making principle — pitch anything in 15 seconds or less. This is how concise you need to be if you want to communicate effectively.


Contribute more than you get back


It’s about going the extra mile for your customers and being willing to serve them. You will receive far more than you give when you genuinely focus on what your customers want and desire rather than always thinking about your own agenda.


Many companies that get their business primarily from referrals embrace this principle wholeheartedly. They give more to their customers and are willing to make that extra effort for them and they are rewarded with a stream of new business. Recommendation is the very best way to build your business. It’s also free!


Know what you’re talking about


People can see right through you if you waffle, clearly not in command of your subject. These days there is greater emphasis on having expertise in your field and if you don’t possess this your competitors undoubtedly will.


People are short of patience if you can’t add value to a topic or add something new. The Internet is full of good quality information so you simply have to show that you know what you’re talking about. You might have been told it’s not what you say but the way you say it that counts – well that doesn’t cut it in business anymore. It does actually matter what you say and smooth talking salespeople (or sales copy) that lack substance and authority doesn’t make for a successful business, especially if you want your customers to come back again and recommend others. That’s the basis of a great business.


Follow up


Good communicators don’t assume that their prospect is ready to have a conversation with them just because they are ready. You have to follow up your communication over a period of time until your prospects is ready to talk to you or to take further action. Sometimes this can take years!


I told you a while back that the follow up is an important part of making a sale. Studies have shown consistently that it takes at least 7 positive contacts with your prospect before they are ready to buy. I would go further than that and say it can take a lot longer, so don’t give up trying to communicate with your prospective customers. Show persistence.


Keep following up until they tell you to go away! Unless they unsubscribe from your list or tell you in no uncertain terms that they are not interested in you, your business or what you have to offer, you can assume they are still interested to some degree.


Another reason to follow up regularly is that you can’t assume that your prospects really understand what it is you’re offering. Unless you are crystal clear and make it absolutely plain what it is you have to offer, it could take several attempts to get your message across. Try communicating your message from different angles and highlight different benefits because your audience will have diverse needs and desires — even for exactly the same product or service.


Let’s take an example I have used before. Imagine you are running a garden centre and you are trying to sell products related to growing vegetables in the garden — packets of seeds, plants and garden tools. One customer might want to buy your products because they love gardening and get a lot of satisfaction from being outdoors and connecting with nature. You might appeal to this customer with a headline like:

‘Get a taste of nature — grow your own organic vegetables.’


However, another prospective customer might be looking at growing vegetables from a different perspective. Perhaps they can’t afford to buy lots of fresh vegetables in the store and they are trying to grow their own simply to save money, even though they are not keen on gardening. You could appeal to this type of customer with a headline such as:

‘Grow your own delicious vegetables from just $2 – it’s simple with our easy-to-grow plant varieties ’

Keep finding effective ways to communicate with your customers and don’t give up before they do!


So, the message is that principles like AIDA work extremely well to lead your prospects through the sales process, but when you pay additional attention to genuine communication that is truthful, specific and clear you will be many times more effective at building a successful long-term business. Spend the extra time and effort on how you communicate with your audience and remember that it’s not about you, your opinions or your needs — it’s about meeting the needs of your customers, understanding their concerns and adding value to their lives.



출처: http://www.davidandersonwealth.com/online-marketing-strategies/beyond-the-aida-marketing-principle/

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| 2011/09/22 | 마케팅 가이드


신념과 행동이 달라 충돌하거나 조화를 이루지 못할 때, 사람은 불편함을 느끼고 이것을 해소하기 위해 ‘신념’을 행동에 맞추는 경향이 있다.  심리학자 레온 페스팅거(Leon Festinger) 가 제기한 ‘인지부호화(cognitive dissonance)’의 개념이다.

사실 인식상으로는 행동이 신념에 따라가는 것으로 알고 있다. 그러나 현실적으로 사람들은 그렇게 하지 않는다. 어떤 결과가 발생하고 나면, 그 결과에 대한 당위성을 부여하게 마련이다. 애인과 헤어지고 나면, 헤어질수 밖에 없는 단점이 생각나고 어차피 헤어질 수 밖에 없었다는 입장을 취하게 된다. 사귀는 동안에는 절대로 생각해본 적이 없는 이유로 말이다. 여기서 중요한 사실은 바로 태도가 ‘행동 전’이 아니라 ‘행동 후’에 바뀐다는 것이다. 

그런데, 개인 생활뿐 아니라 비즈니스에서는 모든 개인이 먼저 생각하고 결정한 다음  행동을 한다는 가정을 더욱 믿는다. 마케팅 실행을 위해 기초가 되는 소비자에 대한 행동심리도 AIDA, 즉 인지(Awareness), 흥미(Interest), 욕망(Desire), 행동(Action)단계가 도미노식으로 연결된다는 모델 이론을 절대적으로 수용한다. 의심의 여지가 없다. 

다양한 프로젝트를 하면서 심층인터뷰, 포커스그룹인터뷰 등을 수십차례 진행해본 경험이 있다. 그 조사과정에서 사람들에게 물어보면, 모든 사람들은 무척이나 이성적으로 생각하고 따진 후에 구매하거나 좋아한다고 말을 한다. 그런데 그 ‘이성적으로 생각한다’라는 것이 실질적인 사고과정이 아니라 일종의 다양한 사전 행동  경험을 통해 형성된 생각이라는 점을 발견한다. 특히 인터넷을 통해 다양한 정보, ‘나와 같은 사람’의 경험과 의견 그리고 감정을 얻는 행동이 더욱 보편화되고 있다. 

내가 관심있는 주제나 사안에 대해서 의견을 교환하고 공감을 표현하는 사람들을 이제 쉽게 발견할 수 있고 느슨한 관계이지만, 연결되고 의지만 있다면, 대화가 가능하다. 소셜네트워킹을 위해 필요한 자원은 엄청나게 줄어든 셈이다.  이전 포스팅 ‘고객이 변화된 시장’에서도 언급하였듯이, 이제 시장은 ‘마케터와 소비자’간의 관계를 넘어서 ‘소비자와 다른 소비자’간의 네트워크 세상을 살펴봐야 한다. 그들간의 관계망을 통해서 기업 마케팅이 해야 할 일이 무엇인지를 살피는 작업이 필요하다. 

사용자 삽입 이미지지금도 많은 기업의 마케팅은 기존 구매 과정(Purchase funnel)을 기본으로 전개되고 있고 그것이 또 효과를 보고 있기도 하다. 다른 브랜드보다 인지도를 높이고 관심도를 극대화시키기 위해 광고, 프로모션, 이벤트를 진행한다. 그럼에도 불구하고 기업이 제시하는 메시지는 더욱 신뢰받기 보다 무시되는 방향으로 흐르고 있다. 더욱 재미있는 현상은 그것을 ‘알면서도’ 그것이 그동안의 구매-매출에 영향을 미쳤고 그것을 대체할 것이 없기 때문에 해야 한다는 생각이 아직도 지배적이다라는 점이다. 

이러한 관점은 충분히 마케터 중심적 사고에서 출발한다. 기업이 일반 사람들을 고객으로 만들고 그들이 구매 소비를 하게 만드는 일련의 과정으로 바라본다. 그러나 이것은 미디어 테크놀로지로 인해 변화된 커뮤니케이션 플랫폼을 제대로 파악하지 못한 결과이다. 아래 그림처럼 소비자 중심 시장 공간이 크게 형성되고 구매과정 흐름에 큰 변화를 주고 있다는 사실을 직시하지 못하는 것이다. 구매로 인해 그것이 인지와 태도로 연결되는 것이 아니라 사람들은 사용 경험을 통해 본인의 의견과 믿음 때로는 신념이 만들어진다. 또한 그것을 다른 사람들, 즉 나와 같은 사람들, 나의 관심사에 관심을 갖는 ‘무명’의 사람들에게 이야기된다. 이런 일련의 과정이 소셜 웹 공간에서는 더욱 가능하며 그것이 마케터 중심 시장에 직접적인 영향을 미친다. 

사용자 삽입 이미지기업 입장에서 보면, 이용자(수용자) 중심 시장 공간이 우리의 브랜드에 집중되면 될수록 전통적인 구매 과정의 관심도가 더욱 커질 수 있다. 나는 이것을 일종의 ‘신념’과 같다고 본다. 행동하고 경험한 것에 대한 믿음이며 그 믿음을 공유하는 사람들의 집단이 형성되는 과정에서 소비자들은 그 제품과 서비스에 대해 ‘공감’을 느끼는 것이다. 

애플을 보라. 그 ‘신념을 만들고 그것을 행동으로 보여주는 기업’이라는 공감대가 형성되어 있다. 너무나 시대의 혁신을 이끈 기업을 이야기하다보면, 우리 기업의 입장과 상황과는 맞지 않는 사례라고 지적할 수 있다. 그러나 분명한 것은 시장의 제품과 서비스는 대체로 동질화 되어가고 브랜드 가치의 차별성을 말하지만, 그것도 너무나 복잡하고 고객의 ‘이해’를 구하기가 더욱 어려워진다는 점이다. 

잉바르 캄프라드(Ingvar kamprad)가 설립한 ‘이케아(IKEA)’, 필 나이트(Phil Knight)가 설립한 ‘나이키’, 스타벅스, 더바디샵 등도 여러 경쟁업체들과 시장에서 소비자를 놓고 치열한 ‘전투’를 벌이고 있지만, 중요한 사실은 이들에 대해 고객들이 ‘떠드는’ 수많은 이야기는 제품과 서비스의 질에 대한 이야기를 넘어 그 기업들이 추구하는 상징적 기호, 소비자의 감정 등이라는 것이다. 

기업이 가지고 있는 현재 그 자체 (실제 Reality)에서 시작해야 한다. 고객들이 그 기업과 제품에 대해서 ‘흥미’를 느끼는 것은 제품과 서비스 자체 때문이 아니다. 비즈니스를 전개해가는 일련의 ‘양식’에 열정이 표출되어야 한다. 사람들이 ‘흥미를 느끼는 기업’으로 만들어야 한다. 그것을 위해 우리는 고객들이 느끼고 공감할 수 있는 스스로의 ‘신념’을 구상하고 표현하고 대화를 시도해야 한다. 이것이 <마켓 3.0>의 핵심이기도 하다. 
 

(참고자료 : Social Media Marketing. Dave Evans(2008). Wiley Publishing Inc. / Herd, Mark Earls ,John Wiley&Sons, ‘허드’, 강유리 역, 2007 / www.hscoaching.com/247 등)


글 : 강함수
출처 : http://www.hscoaching.com/249


출처: http://www.venturesquare.net/1414

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AIDA is an acronym used in marketing and advertising that describes a common list of events that may occur when a consumer engages with an advertisement. The base of brand promotion also.

  • A - Attention (Awareness): attract the attention of the customer.
  • I - Interest: raise customer interest by focusing on and demonstrating advantages and benefits (instead of focusing on features, as in traditional advertising).
  • D - Desire: convince customers that they want and desire the product or service and that it will satisfy their needs.
  • A - Action: lead customers towards taking action and/or purchasing.

Using a system like this gives one a general understanding of how to target a market effectively. Moving from step to step, one loses some percent of prospects.

AIDA is a historical model, rather than representing current thinking in the methods of advertising effectiveness.

Contents

  [hide

History[edit]

The term and approach are commonly attributed to American advertising and sales pioneer, E. St. Elmo Lewis. In one of his publications on advertising, Lewis postulated at least three principles to which an advertisement should conform:

The mission of an advertisement is to attract a reader, so that he will look at the advertisement and start to read it; then to interest him, so that he will continue to read it; then to convince him, so that when he has read it he will believe it. If an advertisement contains these three qualities of success, it is a successful advertisement.[1]

According to F. G. Coolsen, "Lewis developed his discussion of copy principles on the formula that good copy should attract attention, awaken interest, and create conviction."[2] In fact, the formula with three steps appeared anonymously in the February 9, 1898 issue of Printers' Ink: "The mission of an advertisement is to sell goods. To do this, it must attract attention, of course; but attracting attention is only an auxiliary detail. The announcement should contain matter which will interest and convince after the attention has been attracted" (p. 50).

The importance of attracting the attention of the reader as the first step in copy writing was recognized early in the advertising literature as is shown by the Handbook for Advertisers and Guide to Advertising:

The first words are always printed in capitals, to catch the eye, and it is important that they should be such as will be likely to arrest the attention of those to whom they are addressed, and induced them to read further.[3]

A precursor to Lewis was Joseph Addison Richards (1859–1928), an advertising agent from New York City who succeeded his father in the direction of one of the oldest advertising agencies in the United States. In 1893, Richards wrote an advertisement for his business containing virtually all steps from the AIDA model, but without hierarchically ordering the individual elements:

How to attract attention to what is said in your advertisement; how to hold it until the news is told; how to inspire confidence in the truth of what you are saying; how to whet the appetite for further information; how to make that information reinforce the first impression and lead to a purchase; how to do all these, - Ah, that's telling, business news telling, and that's my business.[4]

Between December 1899 and February 1900, the Bissell Carpet Sweeper Company organized a contest for the best written advertisement. Fred Macey, chairman of the Fred Macey Co. in Grand Rapids (Michigan), who was considered an advertising expert at that time, was assigned the task to examine the submissions to the company. In arriving at a decision, he considered inter alia each advertisement in the following respect:

1st The advertisement must receive "Attention," 2d. Having attention it must create "Interest," 3d. Having the reader's interest it must create "Desire to Buy," 4th. Having created the desire to buy it should help "Decision".[5]

The first published instance of the general concept, however, was in an article by Frank Hutchinson Dukesmith (1866-1935) in 1904. Dukesmith's four steps were attention, interest, desire, and conviction.[6] The first instance of the AIDA acronym was in an article by C.P. Russell in 1921 [7] where he wrote:

An easy way to remember this formula is to call in the “law of association,” which is the old reliable among memory aids. It is to be noted that, reading downward, the first letters of these words spell the opera “Aida.” When you start a letter, then, say “Aida” to yourself and you won’t go far wrong, at least as far as the form of your letter is concerned.

Purchase Funnel[edit]

Since the early 1960's, AIDA has frequently been illustrated in the diagrammatic format of a funnel, indicating that a larger quantity of potential purchasers become aware, then a smaller subset becomes interested, and so on. It is often referred to as a "purchase funnel," “customer funnel,” “marketing funnel,” or “sales funnel.” [8]


New Developments[edit]

Later versions of the theory have edited the AIDA steps.[9] New phases such as satisfaction (AIDAS)[10] and confidence (AIDCAS)[11] have been added.

  • S - Satisfaction - satisfy the customer so they become a repeat customer and give referrals to a product.

One significant modification of the model was its reduction to three steps (CAB):[12]

  • Cognition (Awareness or learning)
  • Affect (Feeling, interest or desire)
  • Behavior (Action).

Along with these developments came a more flexible view of the order in which the steps are taken, suggesting that different arrangements of the model might prove more effective for different consumer-to-product relationships.

Additionally, as experts have examined this theory more defined practices and theories have been developed including the T.I.R.E.A. scale that focuses on breaking down the decision making process into more defined components. Each step focuses on a progressive journey through the decision making process.

  • T - Thought
  • I - Interest (Desire)
  • R - Risk (Evaluation)
  • E - Engagement
  • A - Action

The Thought portion of the decision making process can occur randomly and be stimulated by a variety of stimuli but generates little of no attention by an individual. It simply creates an awareness of something but generate little or no interest. Similar to seeing food after one has become full after a meal... one may be aware of the food that is there but there is little need or interest in obtaining it.

Interest occurs when one wants or needs something - hunger is an example. The level of interest (or desire) increases as hunger and or the wants and desires increase.

Risk and its evaluation occur as interest increases. One may desire steak but withhold obtaining it due to cost, or other reasons (such as health related issues, etc.)

Engagement - An emotional response when Interest and Desires exceed Risks.

Action - A physical response to obtain what one wants and desires and is willing to assume the risks and/or costs in obtaining it.

REAN Another similar model REAN was also developed in 2006 to more specifically cater for the customer lifecycle. REAN is a marketing acronym that stands for;

  • R - Reach - the set of activities needed to raise prospects' attention for your brand, product or service
  • E - Engage - the gradual, typically multi-channel, often recursive set of activities needed to engage the prospects you just won
  • A - Activate - the activities needed for your prospects to take, eventually, the actions you wanted them to take
  • N - Nurture - the activities needed to nurture the customer relationship you just managed to create


Cultural references[edit]

The character Blake in the film Glengarry Glenn Ross by David Mamet makes a noteworthy reference to AIDA. A minor difference here is that the D in Blake's motivational talk is defined asdecision rather than desire, presumably implying that the third step not only imbues the customer with the want of the product but also willing to commit themselves positively to the purchase.

See also[edit]

DAGMAR marketing

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ "Catch-Line and Argument," The Book-Keeper, Vol. 15, February 1903, p. 124. Other writings by E. St. Elmo Lewis on advertising principles include "Side Talks about Advertising," The Western Druggist,Vol. 21, February 1899, p. 65-66; Financial Advertising, published by Levey Bros. in 1908; and, "The Duty and Privilege of Advertising a Bank," The Bankers' Magazine, Vol. 78, April 1909, pp. 710-11.
  2. ^ "Pioneers in the Development of Advertising," Journal of Marketing 12(1), 1947, p. 82
  3. ^ London: Effingham Wilson 1854, Sixth Edition, p. 17
  4. ^ "Well Told is Half Sold," The United Service. A Monthly Review of Military and Naval Affairs, Vol. 9 (N.S.), 1893, p. 8. An identical ad appeared in The Century of the same year.
  5. ^ "The Bissell Prize Advertisement Contest," Hardware, March 1900, p. 44.
  6. ^ "Three Natural Fields of Salesmanship," Salesmanship 2(1), January 1904, p. 14.
  7. ^ C.P. Russell, "How to Write a Sales-Making Letter," Printers' Ink, June 2, 1921
  8. ^ Peterson, Arthur F. (1959). Pharmaceutical Selling. Heathcote-Woodbridge.
  9. ^ T. E. Barry, "The Development of the Hierarchy of Effects: An Historical Perspective," Current Issues & Research in Advertising 10(2), 1987, pp. 251-295. See also T. E. Barry & D. J. Howard, "A Review and Critique of the Hierarchy of Effects in Advertising," International Journal of Advertising 9(2), 1990, pp. 121-135.
  10. ^ A. F. Sheldon, The Art of Selling, Libertyville 1911, p. 28: "Note these successive steps in the process of a selling transaction: 1. Favorable attention. 2. Interest. 3. Desire. 4. Action. 5. Permanent satisfaction. The second step depends on the first; the third on the second; and so on to the end."
  11. ^ H. D. Kitson, Manual for the study of the psychology of advertising and selling, Philadelphia 1920, p. 21: "The steps to be taken by the seller at each stage are as follows: Stage I. Secure attention. Stage II. Hold attention Through Interest. Stage III. Arouse Desire. Stage IV. Create Confidence and Belief. Stage V. Secure Decision and Action. Stage VI. Create Satisfaction."
  12. ^ J. A. Howard, Marketing Management, Homewood 1963; cf. M. B. Holbrook, "Howard, John A." in: P. E. Earl, S. Kemp (eds.), The Elgar companion to consumer research and economic psychology,Cheltenham 1999, p. 310-314.

References[edit]


출처: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDA_(marketing)

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Posted on 


logoAs a developing organization Apostrophe Accents is an open canvas for new strategies and ideas. It’s inviting logo design definitely reaches out to a very specific audience, but is lacking a central hub for communication. So far, the Facebook fanpage is up and running but there is no website or any other social avenues explored by this brand to date. For now, the easiest way to connect with Apostrophe Accents is via Facebook.

Is Apostrophe Accents utilizing the AIDA model?

A: Broadcast (Attention)

I: Social (Interest)

D: Recommendation (Desire)

A: Search (Action)

AIDA-e1337937342752

Apostrophe Accents is in the beginning phases and could undoubtedly thrust itself forward if this model is implemented into its business structure. Within the coming months, I would suggest focusing on web development so that there is a domain to broadcast. I’m sure the company could profit from the pay-per-click ads. By updating fans about promotions and brand development, Apostrophe could really strengthen its Social interest. There are a number of prerequisites that should be completed before the benefits of the AIDA model are recognized.

Lead generation is always trial and error, and in this organizations case, there has been a very simple informal exchange of interaction between company and fans (potential consumers) via Facebook. The only way this company can prosper by utilizing this method is by researching and strategically deciding on additional social avenues to pull in a greater audience.


출처: http://livelaughhappi.wordpress.com/2013/06/07/aida-model-apostrophe-accents/

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by Bradley James Bryant, Demand Media

The Pareto Principle states that 80 percent of your revenue will come from 20 percent of your customers. It is therefore in your best interest to develop strong marketing strategies to attract the best customers. AIDA stands for Attention, Interest, Desire and Action. It is an acronym that is used by marketers and advertisers to develop a marketing communication strategy. In small-business marketing, AIDA helps owners communicate more effectively with their customers. A good marketing strategy will increase your chances of getting through to your target audience, and AIDA can help your small business achieve that.

Step 1

Attract "Attention" to your small business. The ability for the marketer or communicator to grab the customer's attention is vital for effective communication. For a small business, this can mean marketing on street-level signs, hiring sign spinners, purchasing billboard time or even using a blimp or hot air balloon.

Step 2

Develop "Interest." The more you understand your audience, the better you will be at gauging interest levels. The best way to determine what interests your customer base is to figure out what information it wants to know. Develop a message that will keep the audience reading. For a small business, this can mean developing surveys or asking customers to answer a few questions upon checkout. Use words that evoke emotion.

Step 3

Create "Desire." Desire is commonly created with a sense of urgency. Determine exactly what your customer desires, and use these words in your message. For instance, if you are selling a franchise, you might want to have the words "financial freedom" in your message.

Step 4

Call the customer to "Action." A "call to action" begins with a verb that tells the customer what to do. Think of this as an opportunity for you to invite your customers to use or purchase your service. The more urgency you can create behind this action, the better. For instance, a small business may have a discount only on Wednesdays between noon and 3 p.m.


출처: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/use-aida-model-business-3.html

Posted by insightalive
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